Continuing the last post, some clarifying distinctions from Philosophy in the Flesh:
"Perhaps
the oldest of philosophical problems is the problem of what is real and
how we can know it, if we can know it…. Aristotle concluded that we
could know because our minds could directly grasp the essences of things
in the world. This was ultimate metaphysical realism. There was no
split between ontology (what there is) and epistemology (what you could
know), because the mind was in direct touch with the world.
"With
Descartes, philosophy opened a gap between the mind and the world….
Ideas…became internal “representations” of external reality…but somehow
“corresponding” to it. This split metaphysics from epistemology.
"…embodied
realism…is closer to…direct realism…than…representational realism. [It]
is, rather, a realism grounded in our capacity to function successfully
in our physical environments. It is therefore an evolutionary realism.
Evolution has provided us with adapted bodies and brains that allow us
to accommodate to, and even transform, our surroundings.
"It
gives up on being able to know things-in-themselves, but, through
embodiment, explains how we can have knowledge that, although it is not
absolute, is nonetheless sufficient to allow us to function and
flourish.
"The direct realism of the Greeks can thus be characterized as having three aspects:
1.
The Realist Aspect: The assumption that the material world exists and
an account of how we can function successfully within it;
2. The Directness Aspect: The lack of any mind-body gap;
3.
The Absoluteness Aspect: The view of the world as a unique, absolutely
objective structure of which we can have absolutely correct, objective
knowledge.
"Symbol-system
realism of the sort found in analytic philosophy accepts 3, denies 2
and claims that 1 follows from 3, given a scientifically unexplicated
notion of “correspondence.”
"Embodied realism accepts 1 and 2 but denies that we have any access to 3.
"All
three of these views are “realist” by virtue of their acceptance of 1.
Embodied realism is close to direct realism…in its denial of a mind-body
gap. It differs from direct and symbol-system realism in its
epistemology, since it denies that we can have objective and absolute
knowledge of the world-in-itself.
"…it
may appear to some to be a form of relativism. However, while it does
treat knowledge as relative—relative to the nature of our bodies, brains
and interactions with the environment—it is not a form of extreme
relativism, because it has an account of how real, stable knowledge,
both is science and in the everyday world, is possible (94-6)."
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